These honey wheat English muffins are completely homemade from a simple 8 ingredient dough. The sticky dough does not require kneading and you can skip the rolling pin entirely. Some homemade English muffin recipes call for a round biscuit/cookie cutter, but you don’t need it for these—your hands sprinkled with cornmeal or semolina flour are your best tool.
Though the dough rises and is ready in about 2 hours, I strongly recommend refrigerating it for at least 6 hours so your English muffins have better flavor.
This post is lengthy because I want you prepped for the best success possible. If you’ve never made homemade English muffins before, I encourage you to review the entire post as well as the video and step-by-step photos below the recipe. Are you a yeast beginner? This Baking with Yeast Guide is helpful.
English muffins are a breakfast staple in the US, inspired by the traditional English crumpet. You can enjoy them plain, but they taste divine toasted with butter, honey butter, jam, or even raspberry sauce. English muffins are essential for eggs Benedict and as the bread for breakfast sandwiches. If you’ve never heard of English muffins before, imagine a homemade yeasted bread patty with plenty of airy pockets inside—much denser and flatter than dinner rolls. The craggy, airy goodness inside is branded as “nooks and crannies” by the company Thomas’.
Today’s recipe is a variation of English muffins, which are traditionally made with all white flour and very little sugar. I like to use a combination of all purpose and whole wheat flours here and sweeten them with honey. They’re NOT sweet like regular quick bread-style muffins—just a little touch of honey goodness to pair with the whole wheat flavor.
By the way, if you enjoy baking with whole wheat flour, try this hearty, yet soft whole wheat pizza dough. It’s a whole grain favorite!
Are English Muffins… Bread?
Yes, a yeast bread. I learned they’re called English muffins so they aren’t confused with sweeter cupcake-like muffins such as blueberry muffins.
Let me brief you on today’s recipe.
These Homemade English Muffins Are:
- Made with a simple 8 ingredient no-knead dough
- Fresher-tasting than store-bought
- Perfect if you’re looking for a fun baking project
- Started on the stove and finished in the oven
- Heartier than white flour English muffins
- Super soft and filled with their signature jagged texture aka “nooks & crannies”
- Begging you to slice & toast them and slather with butter!
- An intermediate baking recipe
They don’t have the same exact texture as store-bought, but the flavor is out-of-this-world especially if you let the dough rest in the refrigerator for at least 6 hours (and up to 24 hours). Your kitchen will smell like a bakery and it’s just so satisfying.
Start on the stove: Homemade English muffins can be cooked entirely on the stove, but it depends on your stove and griddle/skillet situation. I have a large griddle, but it doesn’t heat evenly so the batch is never consistent. I also find that English muffins solely cooked on the stove end up doughy inside. For best (and most uniform) results, I recommend starting the muffins on the stove and finishing them in the oven.
Recipe Testing: What Worked & What Didn’t
After making homemade English muffins from King Arthur Baking, I decided to try my hand at a honey wheat version. This recipe went through 6 rounds of dough variations.
Here’s What Works:
- Use melted butter because recipe tests made with softened butter weren’t as flavorful.
- Embrace a sticky dough made with *some* whole wheat flour and *some* all-purpose or bread flour.
- You will be tempted to add more flour, but don’t. The high hydration level is key to obtaining that shaggy & airy texture inside.
- Let the dough rise on the counter until doubled, about 2 hours. Then let it rest in the refrigerator for at least 6 hours. This time gives the muffins extra flavor, plus cold dough is MUCH EASIER to work with. (We do the same when making artisan bread and olive bread.)
- Start the muffins on the stove in a skillet or on a griddle and finish them in the oven. Cook until an instant read thermometer reads the center as 200°F (93°C). If you don’t have an instant read thermometer, cut a muffin open and if it’s still extra doughy in the center, return to the oven.
Here’s What Doesn’t Work:
- A firm, dry dough will not produce an airy center.
- Avoid using ALL whole wheat flour because you may end up with bread hockey pucks.
- Do not punch down the dough after it rises.
- Do not skip the cornmeal or semolina flour because it’s needed to coat the dough and your hands.
- Do not flatten the shaped muffins with force because they will deflate.
Step-by-step photos are found below the printable recipe.
9 Ingredients You Need
There are 8 ingredients in the dough, plus cornmeal for hands + cooking surface.
- Milk: Some recipes call for using some milk and some water, but I found using all milk ideal especially when using whole wheat flour because it’s so drying. Whole milk is great, but you can use any milk—non dairy or dairy + any milk fat.
- Yeast: Use active-dry or instant yeast.
- Honey: Honey adds flavor. Feel free to replace with regular granulated sugar, but I would reduce down to 2 Tablespoons.
- Egg: Do not skip the egg because the muffins lacked structure and flavor.
- Melted Butter: Some fat adds flavor and melted butter is ideal.
- Salt: A scant 1 and 1/2 teaspoons of regular table salt gives the bread nice flavor and balances out the 3 Tablespoons of honey.
- Whole Wheat Flour: Use 1 cup of whole wheat flour.
- Bread Flour or All-Purpose Flour: The remaining flour should be bread flour or all-purpose flour. This amount *slightly* varies based on humidity, weather, brand of flour, and so many other little factors that are imperative to yeast dough’s performance. However, 2 cups + 3 Tablespoons was the perfect amount each time I tested.
- Cornmeal or Semolina: You need either for coating the dough and your hands. Using regular flour instead will dry out the dough—you want something coarse that the dough can’t really absorb. As a bonus, this adds a lovely little crunch on the muffin’s exterior.
Quick Test Recipe Comparison
Once I landed on the perfect dough, it’s all a matter of shaping and cooking the muffins. Use your hands to gently shape the dough into 1-inch thick discs. The next photo shows 3 columns of cooked English muffins. Let me explain each.
- Below Left: As the muffins cook on the stove, avoid flattening them too much with a spatula. A little is fine, but don’t overdo it or you’ll end up squeezing all the air out and eating hockey pucks. The heat was also a little high on my stove and I cooked them too long, so they burned.
- Below Center: It’s best to cook the muffins over medium or medium-low heat. Anything lower may not properly cook the muffins as you can see.
- Below Right: Perfectly cooked English muffins are browned with oodles of crumbly air pockets inside. These are cooked over medium heat on a griddle (medium low heat for a skillet) for 7-8 minutes on each side and finished in the oven.
Can I Skip the Stove?
I do not recommend it. Cooking them entirely or briefly on the stove browns and sets the exterior, preventing them from puffing up too much. If cooked entirely in the oven, you’ll have rounded dense dinner rolls, not English muffins.
Cutting Into Your English Muffins
To preserve the craggy texture, I recommend slicing the honey wheat English muffins in half using a serrated knife. Or you can slice around the edges with a regular sharp knife and then pry the two halves apart with a fork.
How to Store & Freeze English Muffins
This recipe yields 12 muffins. The shelf life of homemade English muffins is shorter than store-bought. Store leftovers covered at room temperature for up to 2 days and then transfer to the refrigerator for up to 3 days. After that, it’s best to freeze them. Freeze for up to 3 months and then thaw by defrosting in the microwave or setting out on the counter. For best taste and texture, slice and toast them.
See Your Homemade English Muffins
Many readers tried this recipe as part of a baking challenge!
PrintHomemade English Muffins
- Prep Time: 8 hours, 45 minutes (includes dough rise)
- Cook Time: 25 minutes
- Total Time: 9 hours 10 minutes
- Yield: 12 muffins
- Category: Breakfast
- Method: Baking
- Cuisine: American
Description
These honey wheat English muffins are completely homemade from a simple no-knead 8 ingredient dough. Though the dough rises and is ready in about 2 hours, I strongly recommend refrigerating it for at least 6 hours so your English muffins have better flavor. For best success, review recipe notes, video tutorial, and step-by-step photos (below) before starting.
Ingredients
- 1 and 1/4 cups (300ml) milk, warmed to about 100°F (38°C)*
- 2 teaspoons (6g) instant or active dry yeast*
- 3 Tablespoons (64g) honey*
- 2 Tablespoons (28g) unsalted butter, melted & slightly cooled
- 1 large egg, at room temperature
- 1 and 1/2 teaspoons salt
- 1 cup (130g) whole wheat flour (spooned & leveled)*
- 2 cups + 3 Tablespoons (280g) bread flour or all-purpose flour (spooned & leveled)*
- cornmeal or semolina flour for handling dough (at least 1/2 cup (60g))
Instructions
- Prepare the dough: In a large un-greased mixing bowl, whisk the warm milk, yeast, and honey together in the bowl of your stand mixer fitted with a dough hook attachment. Cover and allow mixture to sit for about 5 minutes or until foamy on top. *If you do not own a mixer, you can do this in a large mixing bowl and in the next step, mix the dough together with a large wooden spoon/silicone spatula. A hand mixer works, but the sticky dough repeatedly gets stuck in the beaters. Mixing by hand with a wooden spoon or rubber spatula is a better choice.*
- Add the butter, egg, salt, whole wheat flour, and 1 cup (about 130g) of the bread flour. Whisk to combine. Add 1 more cup (130g) bread flour and beat on low speed for 2 minutes. Dough will be extremely sticky and like a loose batter. Add remaining flour, scrape down the sides of the bowl with a silicone spatula, and then beat on low speed for 1 minute to combine. Scrape down the sides of the bowl again and then fold the dough together a few times with your silicone spatula. Do not be tempted to add more flour. It’s supposed to be very sticky.
- Cover the dough tightly with plastic wrap or aluminum foil and set on the counter at room temperature. Allow to rise until double in size, about 2 hours. The dough will be sticking to the sides of the bowl and have a lot of air bubbles. You can continue with step 4 immediately, but for absolute best flavor and texture, I strongly recommend letting this risen dough rest in the refrigerator for at least 6 hours and up to 24 hours. Place covered dough in the refrigerator for 6-24 hours. The dough will very slightly puff up during this time, but may begin to deflate after 24 hours.
- Line two large baking sheets with parchment paper or silicone baking mats. One is for the shaped uncooked muffins and the 2nd is for baking the muffins.
- Shape the muffins: Remove cold dough from the refrigerator—no need to bring it to room temperature. Sprinkle a little cornmeal/semolina on the surface of the dough and all over your hands. Have more nearby and use whenever things begin getting super sticky. Grab a small handful of dough, about 1/3 cup of dough or 2.5-3 ounces if you have a kitchen scale, and gently form into a 1-inch thick disc that’s about 3.5 inches in diameter—doesn’t need to be perfect—and place onto lined baking sheet. You’re basically shaping them as you’d shape hamburger patties. Repeat with remaining dough for a total of about 12. Sprinkle the tops of the shaped discs lightly with more cornmeal and cover to rest for 20 minutes. (Do not extend this time or the muffins will puff too much.)
- Meanwhile, as the shaped muffins rest, get your stove ready. Heat a griddle to medium heat or about 325°F (163°C) or use a large skillet or cast iron skillet over medium-low heat. If your griddle/skillet/cast iron is nonstick or seasoned, there’s no need to grease it. If not nonstick, grease with a little butter. Once greased pan/griddle is heated, sprinkle lightly with cornmeal/semolina flour and begin to cook the muffins in the next step.
- Read this entire step before starting to cook the muffins. Using a flat spatula, carefully transfer however many muffins can fit on your pan/griddle with at least 2 inches between each because muffins will puff up as they cook. Gently flatten them around the edges with the back of your spatula, being careful to not flatten too hard which would deflate them. Cook for 7-8 minutes and then flip over, gently flatten again, and cook for another 7-8 minutes. (No need to grease or sprinkle more cornmeal/semolina when flipping.) This cook time is a general guideline because griddles/stoves/pans can heat differently and/or unevenly. You want to cook until golden brown on each side and edges seem set. If muffins seem to be over-browning quickly, slightly turn down the stove’s heat. And, as the muffins cook, you can start preheating the oven (next step). Transfer cooked muffins to the unused prepared baking sheet.
- Preheat oven to 350°F (177°C).
- Bake for 8-11 minutes or until an instant read thermometer reads the center as 200°F (93°C). If you don’t have an instant read thermometer, cut a muffin open after 8 minutes and if it’s still extra doughy in the center, return to the oven until baked through. I usually bake them for at least 10 minutes.
- Remove from the oven and cool for 10 minutes on the baking sheet before slicing and handling. To preserve the craggy texture, slice the honey wheat English muffins in half using a serrated knife. Or you can slice around the edges with a regular sharp knife and then pry the two halves apart with a fork. Toast halves in the toaster if desired (taste best that way!) and serve warm with desired toppings such as butter, honey butter, jam, apple butter, or other topping of choice. Muffins can also be used for breakfast sandwiches or eggs Benedict.
- Store leftovers covered at room temperature for up to 2 days and then transfer to the refrigerator for up to 3 days. After that, it’s best to freeze them. Freezing instructions in notes.
Notes
- Make Ahead Instructions: Prepare the dough through step 3 and let the dough rest in the refrigerator for up to 24 hours before continuing with step 4. No need to bring dough to room temperature before you begin to shape the muffins—cold dough is easier to work with!
- Make Ahead Instructions – Freezing: Baked English muffins freeze well up to 3 months. You can freeze in a large container or freezer bag or wrap individually in plastic wrap. Thaw by defrosting in the microwave or setting out on the counter to come to room temperature. For best taste and texture, slice and toast them after thawing. You can also freeze the English muffins after they come off the stove (after step 7). Cool completely and then freeze in a large container or freezer bag or wrap individually in plastic wrap for up to 3 months. Thaw and then continue with step 8.
- Special Tools (affiliate links): Stand Mixer or Large Mixing Bowl with Silicone Spatula or Wooden Spoon | Griddle or Skillet | Baking Sheets | Silicone Baking Mat or Parchment Paper | Flat Spatula | Instant Read Thermometer
- Milk: Whole milk is great, but you can use any milk—non dairy or dairy + any milk fat.
- Yeast: You can use active-dry or instant yeast. The instructions are the same no matter which you use. Note that 2 teaspoons (6g) is less than 1 standard packet.
- Honey: You can substitute the honey with granulated sugar, but reduce it down to 2 Tablespoons (25g).
- Flour: This ratio of whole wheat to white flour is best. I do not recommend using more whole wheat flour because the texture of the English muffins will change. For the white flour, you can use bread flour or all-purpose flour. I recommend bread flour for the best texture.
- Adapted from King Arthur Baking. I reduced the flour, reduced the butter and switched to melted, used some whole wheat flour, swapped sugar for honey, and reduced the milk.
Let Me Show You a Few Steps
Here is the yeast proofing mixture that you prepare in step 1 above. The foamy top proves the yeast is ready and active.
After the dough comes together, use a silicone spatula to fold the dough a few times and scrape down the sides of the bowl. The dough is very, very sticky:
Below left: Let the dough rise at room temperature until doubled.
Below right: Refrigerate for at least 6 hours. The dough doesn’t rise that much in the refrigeration period—just a little. Cold dough does, however, produce a more flavorful English muffin and it’s a lot easier to work with than room temperature dough.
Unlike most yeasted bread recipes, do not punch the dough down—you do not want this dough to collapse or release air. With cornmeal or semolina dusted hands, begin pulling sections of dough and gently shaping into discs. The dough is very sticky, but manageable since it’s cold.
Arrange on a lined baking sheet and then cover and let rest for 20 minutes as you prepare the stove for cooking.
After cooking the muffins on both sides on the stove—a photo you can find above as well as shown in the video tutorial—bake until the centers are 200°F (93°C) or no longer doughy.
How could I make these vegan?
I love this recipe and have made it at least half a dozen times in the past year. My tip to improve the process is to use a large muffin scoop (equivalent to 1/3 cup) that is sprayed with PAM spray) to portion out the muffins. So much easier to handle the sticky dough!
This is my Sunday recipe! I tried the King Arthur recipe first, and then your recipe, and I like it better. I have tried all purpose flour, bread flour and a mixture. Tonight I finally found whole wheat flour and this is my first batch. They smell so good! I also make them larger so I get 8 total. They are perfect for breakfast sandwiches! I just love all of your recipes! Thank you, Sally ❤️
Your recipe was so clear and easy to follow! Thank you – these are delicious!!
Do you have a version that is all white flour, or would you recommend King A. Baking recipe?
I’m looking forward to trying this recipe but would also like the option of all-white.
Thank you for your work!
Hi Tricia! You can absolutely skip the whole wheat flour and use all bread flour in this recipe instead.
This is a great recipe! The muffins are delicious!
Do you think it would work substituting oil for butter?
Oil could work in a pinch, but butter really adds lovely flavor to the dough.
Hi Sally, I love your recipes, my question is about yeast. I have a package of instant yeast with an expiry date of July 2022. What is your recommendation, should I just throw it out and use yeast that is not expired yet? Thank you for sharing!
Hi Elaine, you can try proofing the yeast to see if it’s still active. There are instructions in this post on Baking With Yeast.
First try at making English muffins and these are fantastic!!! They turned out perfect. I love how detailed your recipes and videos are. You are my go-to for all of my baking recipes. It’s my new hobby as of this past Fall.
I haven’t tried this recipe yet. I did purchase rings for English muffins years ago & never used them. Do you think I could use them with your recipe? I only have 6 rings. Thanks for your site…. love it. Nancy
Hi Nancy, some readers have commented that they used English muffin rings for this recipe, but then say “but really didn’t need to”–so it’s your choice!
My first attempt at English Muffins and they are a big hit. So much better than any store bought.
I divided my dough into 2 and put half in the fridge and processed the other half right away just to see if there was a difference. I dumped the first half of my dough out on the floured counter, sprinkled a little flour on top and folded it one or two times just so that it was manageable. I got five and what amounted to half of a round cut with a 3 inch cutter. I put four of them inside a muffin ring and left the other ones freestanding. I will definitely use muffin rings with these since it corrals the little sucker so it doesn’t spread all over the place. I have tried a lot of English muffin recipes from the Internet and this is the first one that actually has the right chew/texture for an English muffin. Oh, I used an electric skillet that has an oil core so it keeps the temperature accurate. I put the temperature on 300°F, Cooked each side for seven minutes and then put on a cookie sheet. I baked for eight minutes and they were perfect. Thank you so so much. These are absolutely wonderful!
haven’t made yet 🙂
Even though I have not tried it, I’m sure it will be wonderful because you give such detailed instructions. You should write a manual about how to write recipes properly! Keep it up.
Love this recipe. They always come out quite tasty with a great texture. Question: my sister has renal failure and cannot have whole wheat flour. Can I substitute the one cup of wheat flour for one cup of bread flour?
Hi Gabrielle, yes you can absolutely skip the whole wheat flour and use all bread flour instead. Glad you’ve been enjoying this recipe!
Your recipe’s are music to my soul. I love baking and I was never sure where to start as there are so many recipes on the net. Then i found your website and I can’t stop baking all your wonderful goods. I was afraid of baking bread, its seams sooooo hard but I started with this recipe and it is amazing! I am never buying English muffins at the shop ever again. My family enjoys these after our surf each Saturday with an egg and I am just wowed by this recipe! THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU!!!
I altered a couple things based upon what I had in my cupboard (white all-purpose flour and sugar since I was out of honey). I have been looking for english muffin recipes all over the web but I mostly ended up encountering troublingly sticky mishaps and rocklike muffins. This recipe is by far the most reliable/ easiest to understand and has the best results! I have tried it 3 times now and I don’t think I’ll ever buy english muffins again. ! I highly recommend the 24 hour proof in the fridge as it made all the difference. Lowering to 22 hours was just as good too from what I could tell.
I love your blog! I honestly just use your recipes for everything now from deep dish to lemon bars 🙂
Hi, I made this for the challenge and loved it. Would I be able to easily double this recipe? I didn’t see anything in the notes saying it wasn’t recommended.
Hi Erin, for best results (in order to prevent over or under mixing), we’d recommend making two separate batches. So glad you enjoyed them!
Maybe watch again. She cooked them on the stovetop griddle in the video I watched. Following the directions, these muffins were delish!
Question: would it be possible to use oat flour + 1 TB wheat gluten instead of the wheat flour?
Hi Heather, we haven’t tested that so we’re unsure of the results. The taste and texture will likely be different and may require slight tweaking to other ingredients. Let us know if you give anything a try!
I first baked these for the January baking challenge and loved them. During the pandemic yeast was difficult to get my hands on, all I found was a pound bag online. I really wanted to make my favorite pizza dough so I bought the pound. The expiration date was fast approaching. Being a frugal Scottish lass I was searching for yeast recipes on Sally’ Baking Addiction that would use up the yeast I have and came upon this recipe. That was also when I discovered the monthly baking challenge. I have now baked these 3 times. Do I need to say how much I love them! I made some with cinnamon and raisin, and some using KAB white whole wheat flour. Each batch was terrific. I shared them with family and got great compliments. I still have yeast left, fortunately there are more English muffins in our future. Thank you Sally for providing great recipes to inspire my love of baking.
Tried the recipe as is and I am hooked! My college student loved using them in breakfast sandwiches. Am wondering if blueberries or cranberries could be added to the muffin? Thanks for another great recipe!
We are glad you enjoy this recipe so much, Anne! We haven’t tested the dough with add-ins, but you can certainly try it. Let us know how it goes!
Surprisingly easy to make with great results the first try. I had to slap a few hands away as the family would have stood at the counter eating them trying out different toppings. I didn’t make them in January, but did this month. I highly recommend this recipe.
This was a lot of fun to make and so much yummier than store bought. The tips and tricks proceeding the recipe were super helpful to being more successful.
I was only able to get 10 English muffins, but I think my measurements tended toward the 3oz end of things. I am happy with the size, so I’d rather have a few less but the suze I like.
I also used hot honey in this recipe. It was a fun addition. It wasn’t overwhelming, but you could definitely find that tingle. They made for excellent sausage, egg, and cheese breakfast sandwiches!
Can I Skip the Stove?
I do not recommend it. Cooking them entirely or briefly on the stove browns and sets the exterior, preventing them from puffing up too much. If cooked entirely in the oven, you’ll have rounded dense dinner rolls, not English muffins.
But you don’t show that in the video.
What do you suggest? Thank you!
Hi Tracy, we recommend baking the muffins in the stove after you take them off of the griddle. Enjoy!
You say to cook the muffins on the stove first, but I don’t see that in the video?
Looking forward to making these for the first time, but I did see her cook them on a griddle that was sprinkled with cornmeal on each side until browned before they went into the oven to bake.
So happy this morning! Crunchy and delicious! Wow!
Tried this for the baking Challenge. I think I made mine too big, because they turned more into American biscuits than English muffins!!
I absolutely loved this recipe! They were not as difficult as I imagined and they taste amazing!! Definitely better than store bought! Will definitely make again!!
This was the perfect recipe to make on a snow day. Having time is essential, as it is rather involved, but the end results were worth it. I had my first muffin with butter, but plan to also make these with another favorite combo, peanut butter and jelly, for a simple but nutritious breakfast. I’ve also froze my extra muffins to enjoy at another time.
I loved this recipe! It was a true hit in my home! These English Muffins were tender, tasty and the texture was wonderful, my family gobbled them up. I love all of the recipes I have tried, Sally is a true professional!
This was my first time trying to bake English muffins. I tried this recipe as a part of the baking challenge. Thank you so much for the detailed instructions and video! These were easier to make than expected and they are delicious!
I had some issues so I made up my own version. Here’s the basics:
• 2 cups of higher gluten/artisanal bread flour
• 1 cup all purpose flour
• 2 tsp kosher salt
• 1 tsp granulated sugar
• 1/2 tsp baking soda
• 1 package of active yeast or 2 tsp of yeast if from bulk container (check dates)
1. Mix all the dry ingredients thoroughly in deep bowl with a whisk
2. Make a well in the middle of the dry mix and add 3/4 cup of cool water and 3/4 cup of milk and stir slowly to bring the basic wet dough together, then mix vigorously for 5 or more minutes with a heavy wooden spoon to begin gluten formation to make the dough have structure. The doughy mix will pull away from the side of the bowl as you work
3. Prepare a large spring form pan with olive oil or butter and pour the loose batter into the pan and spread out as evenly as possible with the wooden spoon.
4. Cover with plastic wrap and set aside to rise till double in volume – about 1 hour or more depending on temperatures
5. The dough is sticky so use a tooth pick or bamboo skewer and poke entire surface of the batter bubbles down to settle the first rise. It should settle about 1/3 the height, then replace the plastic wrap and allow for the second rise – about 1 hour
6. Before placing in the oven use the toothpick or bamboo skewer to re poke the surface of the dough again. If done correctly the interior will have a mottled group of varying bubble sizes to hold butter and jam.
7. Preheat the oven to 375F and place the pan in the oven for 20 – 25 minutes – set timer so you can check the progress. If the bread has a light tan color and the dough is pulling away from the sides, remove it from the oven to cool for 5 minutes or more.
8. Remove the muffin from the pan entirely and allow to cool completely before slicing, toasting and serving.
So this is a recipe for one giant English muffin? (?????)